E-balonmano com, Journal of Sports Science
E-balonmano, Journal of Sports Sciences is a publication co-published by the University of Extremadura's Publications Service and the Extremadura Handball Federation (Agreement signed in May 2012). E-Balonmano, Journal of Sport Sciences (EBM-J Sport Sci) is an international scientific peer-reviewed journal in electronic format only. The journal aims to disseminate quality knowledge research on physical activity, sports, and physical education sciences. Articles may be published in Spanish, English, and Portuguese. The publication is quarterly [v1: January-April; v2: May-August; v3: September-December). Previous journal URL: Articles 2005 - 2022
Servicio de Publicaciones, Universidad de Extremadura & Federación Extremeña de Balonmano
Research design constitutes a core component of the scientific process, as it structures the logical coherence among the theoretical framework, methodological decisions, data collection and analysis, and the interpretation of results. However, in Sport Sciences, conceptual ambiguity persists in the use of terms such as methodology, design, method, and instruments, along with a frequent lack of explicit identification of the adopted design in numerous studies. The aim of this article is to clarify the conceptual role of research design within the research process and to propose an original, comprehensive, and flexible classification specifically tailored to the field through a narrative review. To this end, the relationship among methodology, design, method, and techniques/instruments is hierarchically delineated, and an integrative framework of six broad study types is presented: methodological, theoretical, and instrumental designs, and empirical designs (quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods). The proposal conceives design as a multidimensional and non-exclusive structure, in which different criteria can coexist and be integrated within a single study depending on the objectives, context, and analytical strategy. This approach facilitates the identification, communication, and evaluation of research design, and supports the recommendation of systematically reporting it as a specific subsection within the methods section to strengthen transparency, replicability, and research quality in Sport Sciences.
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Estudio piloto sobre la carga interna y externa de juegos tradicionales para mejorar la actividad física escolar
The aim of this study was to analyze the internal and external load associated with the practice of traditional games during Physical Education sessions in 5th grade primary school students. Twelve students (6 boys and 6 girls), aged 10.5 ± 0.5 years. Internal load variables were recorded through heart rate measures (minimum [HRmin], mean [HRmean], and maximum [HRmax]), while external load variables included total distance (TD), distances covered in five speed zones: D1 (0–3 km/h), D2 (3.01–8 km/h), D3 (8.01–13 km/h), D4 (13.01–18 km/h), D5 (>18.01 km/h), maximum velocity (Vmax), accelerations (ACC, >1.5 m/s²), and decelerations (DEACC, <–1.5 m/s²). Measurements were obtained using 12 PolarTeam-Pro units. The games analyzed were Dodgeball (DB), Ten Passes (TP), Handkerchief (HK), Hoops (HP), Chain (CH), and Stop (ST). Statistical analysis was conducted using repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni adjustment, calculating the effect size (ES) via Cohen's d and its magnitude (trivial, small, moderate, and large). HRmean was higher in CH compared to DB, HK, and ST (p<0.01; ES=0.93–1.28), and in TP compared to DB and HK (p<0.05–0.01; ES=0.81–0.86). HRmax was higher in CH than in ST (p<0.01; ES=0.99). Regarding TD, CH showed higher values than DB, HK, HP, and ST (p<0.01; ES=0.91–1.65), while TP exceeded HK (p<0.01; ES=1.36). In D4, CH recorded greater distances (p<0.01; ES=1.00–2.83), and together with HK in D5 (p<0.01; ES=0.99–2.30). Both CH and HK reached significantly higher Vmax than TP, HP, and ST (p<0.05–0.01; ES=0.92–1.86). Finally, CH registered a higher number of ACC than the rest (p<0.05–0.01; ES=0.82–1.42). In conclusion, the traditional games analyzed can elicit relevant physiological demands, particularly those based on cooperation–opposition structures.
Book review: Ibáñez, S. J. (2024). Mujer y baloncesto. Servicio de publicaciones de la Universidad de Extremadura.
Anyone could say that the current situation of women’s sports is the best in its entire history. Female athletes, coaches, and professionals in the sports field have achieved—through great effort—a growing presence and increased visibility in the media. We might also think that not all sports are the same and that, in basketball, women have enjoyed a notable presence for several decades. However, this situation may create a “mirage of equality” that quickly fades when we listen to the testimonies of the sport’s main figures. The book Women and Basketball is an essential work, based on a compilation of articles by different authors. Sergio José Ibáñez Godoy, the editor of the book and director of the GOERD research group (Group for the Optimization of Training and Sports Performance) at the University of Extremadura, gives voice to researchers, professors, coaches, and players. Their studies and testimonies provide the necessary insight to understand women’s basketball today and (spoiler alert) reveal that not all that glitters is gold. The purpose of this book is to invite reflection on the role of women in basketball—their achievements, their aspirations, and the barriers they face in reaching them.
Copyright (c) 2025 E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effects of a motivational intervention on female adolescent basketball players
The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of an intervention to increase the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, autonomous motivation, perceived performance and intention to continue playing basketball in female child players. To this end, a quasi-experimental pre-post design was carried out with a control group and an experimental group, in which a questionnaire was administered to assess different motivational variables (support for autonomy, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, type of motivation, perceived performance and intention to remain physically active) to 17 players aged between 12 and 13 years. In the experimental group (n = 8) the coach used an autonomy supportive climate, while in the control group (n = 9) there was no manipulation. The intervention covered a total of 5 months (with 3 sessions per week of 90 minutes). Questionnaires were administered before starting the intervention and at the end of the intervention. The results showed a significant increase in the experimental group in the perception of autonomy support and in the satisfaction of the basic psychological need for autonomy.
Validity and reliability of the evaluation instrument for wheelchair basketball players with classification 3-4-4.5
The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of an evaluation instrument for the physical qualities of wheelchair basketball players classified as 3-4-4.5. A quantitative study was conducted with an empirical analytical approach, evaluative and longitudinal in nature, using a non-probabilistic sampling of 50 athletes from the Nariño Wheelchair Sports Leagues. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25 and Jamovi version 2.3.18. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) met 4 out of 5 criteria and established a structure of 5 factors for the instrument. Subsequently, in the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the goodness-of-fit measures confirmed construct validity: X² = 0.052 (p > 0.05), CFI = 0.938, TLI = 0.921, and RMSEA = 0.06. The reliability of the instrument was verified through Cronbach's Alpha tests (α = 0.702), McDonald's Omega (Ω = 0.73), and Test-retest: p>0.91 (all values). In conclusion, the instrument is valid and reliable for use with wheelchair basketball athletes classified as 3-4 and 4.5.
Relative Age Effect in Male Basketball Athletes: Association with Individual and Collective Performance
This study aimed to assess the relative age effect (RAE) in male basketball athletes in the U17 and U19 categories, focusing on individual and collective performance during the 2021 season of the Santa Catarina State Basketball Championship (Brazil). A total of 248 athletes participated in the study, of which 177 played in U17 teams and 71 in U19 teams. Data were obtained from the official website of the Santa Catarina Basketball Federation. Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, one-way analysis of variance, and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for inferential analysis. The results showed that, in the U17 category, despite the higher proportion of athletes born in the first quartile of the year, there was a significant difference only in the performance indicator "state call-ups"; that is, a greater number of athletes born in the first quartile were selected for state teams. In the U19 category, there was a homogeneous distribution in birth quartiles, with no significant differences in performance indicators between birth periods. Concluded that, in the 2021 season, there was no RAE in individual (number of games played, points scored, average points per game, and number of competitions played in the year) or collective (final team ranking) performance indicators among male basketball athletes.
Athletes; Basketball; Maturation; Knowledge.
Subjective Well-Being Levels and Motivation to Exercise During Covid-19 Isolation
Due to the public health risk and with the intention of reducing the pace of the disease (Kraemer et al., 2020), several countries adopted measures. The pandemic situation caused most countries in the world to adopt, first, measures of social distancing (Reis-Filho & Quinto, 2020) and, subsequently, measures of Social Isolation (IS) which affected the well-being of the populations. In response to the pandemic, the Portuguese government adopted extraordinary measures (Decree-Law no. 10-A/2020, March 13) to promote social isolation - there were two major periods of confinement. The aim of the study is to verify the effect that sports practice has on the levels of subjective well-being and motivation to exercise during the Isolation Period by COVID-19. This is a cross-sectional study, in so far as it visualises the context of a given population at a given moment in time (Araújo, 2011), and exploratory and correlational nature. The study included 822 individuals (Male, n=382; Female, n=440), with a mean age of 28.43±12.07. We used three questionnaires, being them the Behavioral Regulation in Sport Questionnaire (BRSQ); the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS); and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). The results showed that individuals with better levels of autonomous motivation tend to have better levels of perception with life satisfaction and to manifest positive affective behaviours. In this way, the levels of subjective well-being and motivation to exercise are directly related.
Design of an intervention protocol for time-efficient strength training using alternating sets
The aim of this research is to design a detailed velocity-based training (VBT) protocol to compare the training effects between traditional sets (TS) and alternating sets (AS). This is a methodological study describing the intervention protocol for application in experimental studies. It is proposed the participation of 40 to 50 strength-trained subjects randomly assigned to two experimental groups (TS and AS) and a control group. Sixteen VBT sessions will be completed over 8 weeks, with two sessions per week (72-96 h apart). Each session will include squat (SQ), bench press (BP) and prone bench press (PBP) exercises performed on a Smith machine in the same sequence. All training variables - including relative loads (%1RM), intra-set velocity loss, number of sets, rest between sets and frequency of sessions - will remain constant. After a familiarisation period, participants will undergo pre- and post-intervention testing, including progressive load testing.
Descriptive Analysis of Pedagogical Variables and External Load of Training Sessions in Formative Basketball
Training analysis makes it possible to identify the pedagogical intention, the content, and the methods used in the sessions. When a club (team) establishes a pedagogical intention, observing the planning becomes essential for coaches. This study aimed to identify the pedagogical intention of a basketball a club (team) through a descriptive analysis of pedagogical variables and external load in the planning of 237 sessions and 1,459 training tasks. The SIATE tool was used to observe pedagogical variables and primary external load variables, with analysis of frequencies and percentages. The analysis focused on the initial half of the season, corresponding to the preparation phase and the beginning of the competition, covering male categories from U12 to U16 and female categories U14 and U16. The training sessions included situations without opposition (1x0 to 5x0) and numerical superiority (2x1 to 5x4), but situations of numerical equality (1x1, 2x2, 3x3, 4x4, and 5x5) predominated, reflecting an emphasis on numerical equality and high intensity, with rest periods and high player participation (81 to 100%). The most commonly used competitive load involved opposition without scoring results, and the activities focused on areas such as quarter-court, half-court, and full-court, with repetitions. The club (team) demonstrates a pedagogical intention aligned with new trends. This identification allows coaches to organize plans focused on games that simulate real situations, promoting the integrated development of tactical, technical, and strategic aspects.
Effects of acute fatigue on the functional performance of basketball players
The study evaluated the impact of acute fatigue on basketball players' functional performance. A sample of 34 players was tested before and after a fatigue protocol. The 20-meter sprint, the agility t-test and the 505 test were analyzed. The induction of fatigue was accomplished through the Repeated Sprint Protocol (RSP). The players' functional performance compared in pre and post-RSP demonstrated significant differences in the 20-meter sprint test (and in the agility t-test. Based on the fatigue level, players were divided into two groups: high-fatigue and low-fatigue. Significant differences were observed between pre and post-RSP for 20-meter sprint test for both groups. However, only the high-fatigue group demonstrated significant variations in the 505 agility test. These findings suggest that acute fatigue can influence basketball players' performance in tasks requiring acceleration speed and agility. Players with a higher level of fatigue also show differences in agility performance that involve changes in direction of the displacements. Basketball coaches and physical trainers should consider ways in which acute fatigue can be managed and how it may affect the functional players' performance.
Application of Sports Nutrition Protocol in “Non-Athlete” subjects aimed at Body Recomposition: An Observational Study
Introduction: Non-athletic individuals with low physical activity and high fat mass may benefit from structured nutritional plans. This study evaluated the effectiveness of an athlete-based nutritional protocol (e.g., high protein intake) in improving body composition reducing fat mass while preserving lean mass in non-athletes performing mild physical activity. Methods: Fifty-seven subjects (mean age 34.5 ± 15.87 years) engaged in mild "Fitness" activity (3 sessions/week) were assessed before (T0) and after (T1) at least 3 months of nutritional intervention, using multi-frequency BIA (InBody 320). Results: After 3 months, participants showed significant reductions in body weight (p<0.001) and fat mass (p<0.001), with maintenance or increases in lean mass (p<0.001). Improvements were also observed in blood biomarkers, metabolic syndrome risk, and basal metabolic rate, supporting long-term result stability. Conclusions: An athlete-oriented nutritional protocol was effective in improving body composition and health markers in non-athletic individuals with mild activity levels, even over a short period.
Physical activity and academic performance in elementary schoolchildren
The aim was to analyse the differences in academic performance (AP) according to the level of physical activity (PA; lower v. higher). Descriptive-crossover study with 300 schoolchildren (147 girls) aged 9.50 ± 1.71 years (range 7-12 years). PA was assessed with the Krece plus short test. Participants were categorised into two groups (lower PA v. higher PA). The AP was obtained from the mean scores in the areas of Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, Spanish Language and Literature, Mathematics and English. The overall AP was calculated. The results of the univariate one-factor analyses showed that students with higher levels of PA performed better in Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, Spanish Language and Literature and overall AP (p between = .005 and .001). These results suggest that PA level could be a differentiating element of AP in primary schoolchildren, especially in boys.
Incorporation into sports practice of women with acquired brain injury (ABI): a qualitative study
The incorporation into the practice of physical activity in people with acquired brain injury (ABI) is a recommended activity, with adequate supervision and especially in the chronic phase, although surrounded by a series of difficulties that, in many cases, prevent it. The objective of this work was to analyze the reasons that lead women with ABI to practice sports activities in the chronic phase and the facilitators and barriers they encounter. Five women with ABI who play soccer were interviewed, who were asked about their personal experience, about the perceived benefits and the difficulties encountered, inquiring about the possible causes that may influence women with disabilities not to practice such activity. The results provide interesting information about the reasons for returning to sports after acquiring the disability and the main barriers. The conclusions of this study suggest the need to increase both the existing offer and the information channels to improve visibility and allow greater access to sports for women with this disability.
Effects of training cessation in female basketball players: are those who jump more or sprint faster more affected?
The physical demands of modern basketball require precise and specific planning to prepare players in the best possible way. This planning sometimes includes holiday breaks or forced rest periods during the season, which can negatively impact physical performance. This study analyzed the effects of a two-week training break on countermovement jump (CMJ) and 10-meter sprint speed in 67 female basketball players (senior, U18, U14). Participants were evaluated before and after periods of inactivity and categorized based on their initial performance in each test. The results showed a significant decrease in CMJ (p < 0.05) across all categories, while sprint speed showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). Additionally, players with higher jumping ability also experienced losses, suggesting that a higher initial performance does not protect against declines in physical performance. These findings highlight the importance of designing physical maintenance strategies during inactivity periods to minimize performance losses in female basketball players, regardless of their category.
Game dynamics in men's and women's professional padel: volume, intensity and time parameters at Premier Padel
The aim of this study was to analyze the volume and dynamics of play in professional men's and women's padel during Premier Padel competitions by studying temporal and structural variables. Using a systematic observational methodology, a total of 1,290 points (626 male and 664 female) from 10 matches (5 male and 5 female) played in 2024 were analyzed. The results revealed a higher average number of strokes per point in women's padel compared to men's (p < 0.001; 11 vs. 8), as well as a longer active playing time (p < 0.001; 89 vs. 69 seconds per game) and lower game intensity (p = 0.005; 0.75 vs. 0.83 strokes per second). In addition, a higher-than-expected frequency of short points was observed in men's padel (RTC = 5.6), while medium-duration (RTC = 3.6) and long-duration points (RTC = 3.7) were more common in women's matches. It was also found that points with fewer than 11 strokes were more frequent in men’s padel, whereas points with a higher number of exchanges (>11 strokes) were predominant in women’s padel. In conclusion, these findings provide a detailed characterization of game dynamics in Premier Padel and highlight significant gender-based differences, offering valuable insights for application in competitive and training contexts aimed at optimizing player performance.
Lived curriculum, emotions and transgender identity in Physical Education teacher training in Chile
This study aims to understand the emotions of a transgender student in her curriculum lived during her teacher training in Physical Education Pedagogy in Chile. The research methodology is qualitative, based on the critical and interpretative-phenomenological traditions. The participant was a transgender student of Physical Education Pedagogy in Temuco. The data collection techniques were a semi-structured interview, a personal diary and an in-depth interview. The data were subjected to a deductive-inductive content analysis in the ATLAS.ti 22 program. The results are expressed in eleven codes that are part of the following four families of codes: a) positive emotions for subjective well-being; b) negative emotions for subjective well-being; c) critical incidents of the lived curriculum; and d) critical analysis of the lived curriculum. Among the codes are discrimination, gender transition and teacher support in pedagogical practices. It is concluded that the curricular experiences of pedagogical practices were quite emotionally relevant for the student, including sociocultural difficulties due to the lack of acceptance of gender diversity. In this sense, the student recognizes the importance of promoting a dialogic, participatory and sociocultural relevant education.
Cold Water Immersion and Passive Recovery in Fatigue Management During Handball
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the continuous cold-water immersion (CCWI) protocol and passive recovery in maintaining the physical performance of sub-elite handball players during a congested tournament. Thirty-two players (19 women and 13 men) of eight clubs participated in a 3-days tournament (one match per day with a total of twelve matches). External (relative distance, accelerations, maximum acceleration, maximum and average speed, total impacts, accelerations/decelerations difference, and player load) and internal load (maximum and average heart rate) were assessed using Magnetic, Angular Rate and Gravity (MARG) sensor worn by players during all games. Participants were randomly divided into two recovery groups: a) whole body CCWI (12ºC for 12min) and b) control (23ºC, 12min passive sit rest). Statistical analysis was composed of two-way analysis of variance (recovery protocol x matches) in each sex. There were no differences (p> 0.05) in internal or external load variables between recovery groups during the tournament in men or women. Continuous cold-water immersions are as effective as passive recovery in maintaining external and internal physical demands during a congested tournament in handball.
Predictive analysis of starting status in women's basketball: playing position and key performance indicators
This study analyses the factors influencing starting status in women’s basketball, considering specific positions and individual performance indicators. Data from a full season of the Liga Endesa were used to conduct descriptive analysis, a chi-squared test of independence, and logistic regression models. The results show that point guards and power forwards have the highest proportions of starting status (57.1% and 66.4%, respectively), while shooting guards have the lowest (46.2%). The chi-squared test confirmed a significant relationship between position and starting status. In the predictive model, assists, successful field goals, and fouls received significantly increased the probability of starting status, while fouls committed reduced it. These findings highlight the importance of strategic positions and individual performance in the selection of starting players, providing valuable insights to optimize strategies in women’s basketball. Point guards and power forwards emerge as key positions, while offensive performance and active participation in the game are critical determinants of starting status.
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Using a smart app method Maturo for precisely estimating maturation status for young basketball athletes
This study evaluates the effectiveness of Maturo, a smartphone application designed to estimate maturation status in youth basketball athletes. The sample comprised 41 basketball players (mean age ± SD: boys, 13.44 ± 1.32 years; girls, 13.21 ± 1.04 years) aged between 10 and 15 years. Maturo provides automated assessments of biological maturation indicators, including PHV speed, PHV age, maturation timing (early, on-time, late), and maturation status (prepubescent, pubescent, postpubescent). The validity of the Maturo application was assessed against traditional expert evaluation methods. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Pearson correlation coefficients revealed strong correlations between Maturo and expert assessments for PHV speed (ICC = 0.955, r = 0.96) and moderate correlations for PHV age (ICC = 0.673, r = 0.78). Bland-Altman analysis indicated minimal systematic error, confirming reliable estimations by Maturo. Additionally, Kappa coefficients demonstrated excellent agreement in classifying maturity status (κ = 0.95) and timing (κ = 0.87). Maturo's non-invasive, cost-effective, and user-friendly approach makes it valuable for routine monitoring of growth and maturation. The integration of Maturo assessments with other growth indicators could enhance the comprehensive understanding of youth athletes' development, thereby informing training programs and improving athlete safety and performance.
Quantification of internal and external loading in elite women's basketball. A systematic review
Basketball is characterized as an acyclic and intervallic sport, with many explosive actions that require both aerobic and anaerobic efforts. Developing the necessary capacities requires proper planning. In addition, it is essential to control the load to maximize the performance of the players and reduce the number of injuries. The quantification of the load is done through internal and external loading. The internal load refers to the physiological responses of the player caused by the training being specific to each of them, while the external load refers to the load caused by the different training tasks. The main objective of this systematic review is to identify and analyze the methods of quantification of internal and external load in elite female basketball players. Variables such as accelerations, decelerations, jumps, distances, Player Load, Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), and heart rate were analyzed, all of which improve the performance of the players according to the data obtained. Basketball players will need a rigorous analysis of quantification methods. For this, accelerometers, inertial devices, RPE and heart rate bands are needed to analyze the many variables in the players' performance.
Relationships between empowering/disempowering motivational climate, motivational orientation, and the psychological profile of young football players
Psychological skills of athletes determine their sporting performance. However, the development of these skills requires a learning process, influenced by the athlete's environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between an empowering and disempowering climate, motivational orientation (ego vs. task), and the sport psychological profile in a sample of football players. A total of 328 young players aged between 14 and 18 years (M= 15.85; SD= 1.44) participated in this research. Data was collected using the Psychological Inventory of Sport Execution, the Empowering and Disempowering Climate Questionnaire, and the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire. The results obtained in this study through structural equation analysis showed significant and positive relationships between empowering climate and task orientation, as well as between disempowering climate and ego orientation. Similarly, positive and significant relationships were found between task orientation and the athlete's psychological skills. Moreover, there were positive and indirect relationships between an empowering climate and the athlete's psychological variables. These results suggest the importance of promoting appropriate motivational climates, as well as directing the athlete's motivation towards learning goals to foster the development of psychological skills on young players.
Perceived physical literacy and its relationship with physical activity in adolescents from Maule, Chile
In recent years, there has been a decrease in physical activity among schoolchildren, negatively impacting adolescents' physical abilities and motor skills. This study, conducted with secondary school students in the Maule Region, Chile (n=374, 167 females and 207 males), aged 12 to 18 years (14.5 ± 1.8), utilises the Perceived Physical Literacy Instrument (PPLI) to assess Physical Literacy (PL) and the Physical Activity Questionnaire – Adolescents (PAQ-A) to measure the self-reported level of physical activity (PA). On a scale of 1 to 5 points, preliminary results reveal an average PL of 3.7 ± 0.8 (males 3.8 ± 0.8; females 3.6 ± 0.8) and a PA level of 2.8 + 0.8 (males 2.9 + 0.7; females 2.8 + 0.8). A weak positive relationship was identified between PL and PA (r = 0.146; p = 0.005), as well as the influence of gender (females) and school administrative dependence (municipal) on the decrease in PA. In conclusion, despite a relatively high level of physical literacy and physical activity being below the expected average for the age, a direct relationship between both indicators is evident.
Prospective teachers' perceptions of learning through play in primary school students: A case study
The current education system advocates the design of didactic programmes based on a globalising and competence-based approach. However, it is observed that there are few interdisciplinary proposals applied at university level. The aim of this study was to analyse the perception of future teachers on the possibilities and limitations of developing a game-based intervention to work on content common to the areas of Physical Education and Spanish Language and Literature. Twenty-seven students in the fourth year of the Degree in Primary Education took part in the study and designed play-based proposals based on the teaching of corporal expression in both areas. These activities were applied in a Primary School in the Region of Murcia, with students aged between 6 and 12. After the intervention, a SWOT questionnaire was administered to find out the weaknesses, threats, strengths and opportunities perceived by the university students. The data analysis of this qualitative research was carried out with NVivo 14 software. The results showed a positive teacher perception of the interdisciplinary intervention in terms of motivation, creativity and integral formation. These results are corroborated by previous evidence applied in educational stages other than university. In view of this situation, it is considered appropriate to develop similar interdisciplinary proposals, especially in the training of future teachers, responding to the requirements of educational legislation.
Technical-tacticals contents of basketball teaching-learning-training
This was a descriptive documentary research aimed at identifying the general profile of the technical-tactical contents in the Training Platform for Coaches of the World Association of Basketball Coaches. The Manuals for Level 1, 2 and 3 Trainers were analyzed, which present a respective relation with age training stages in basketball. It was identified a predominance of offensive contents under the defensive ones and collective contents under the individual ones. Level 1 is the one with the highest amount of content, and level 3 the lowest. The difference between the amount of individual and collective content tends to increase over coach levels, and the difference between defensive and offensive contents tends to decrease. It was also perceived a tendency to understand the contents with a character of a combination of technique and tactics.
Game levels and declarative knowledge in young basketball players from Ceará state
Basketball is one of the most practiced sports in the state of Ceará, in the school environment. The traditional method is the most used among teachers and coaches. This approach does not allow the adherence of new practitioners to the regular practice of the sport. The central objective was to verify the level of understanding of play in basketball of young people from 12 to 16 years from an alternative approach to teaching-learning-sports training. This is a cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 16 students between 12 and 16 years of age, with a minimum of 1 year of practice, of the extension project Solidary Basketball, of the Federal University of Ceará. The GPAI (Game Performance Assessment Instrument) was used. The instrument has the function of evaluating the behavior of the performance in the game. The first part of the assessment was made from a 2x2 basketball game, with only half court available. The second part of the evaluation was carried out from a formal basketball game (5x5). Students were assessed from their collective action, through a formal basketball game, without exclusion or adaptation of rules. The game was played between team A x team B, with both teams playing in the game system of 1.2.2. The tactical knowledge of basketball, according to the classification of the experts, five obtained weak results, six obtained moderate results and five obtained effective results, demonstrating that the sample is quite heterogeneous. It is possible to use GPAI to evaluate the game level of basketball players, as well other approaches to basketball education, leaving aside traditional methods and starting with alternative methods.
Class time management and teaching behaviors - Comparison between regular judo and adapted judo
This research aims at analyzing and comparing the class management times and the different behaviors of the trainer in regular judo and adapted judo training. The trainer who was observed was responsible for both classes, so we checked to see if there were differences in their behavior taking into account the type of individuals that constituted their work groups. We used the Pieron observation system, focusing on the variables of classroom time management and teaching behaviors. Due to the great importance of the feedbacks for the development of the individuals' performance, a multidimensional analysis was performed, taking into account the various variables defined (Number of feedback issued, Rate and Frequency, Objective, Form, Direction, Moment and Context). The results showed that the coach of judo does not differ significantly in his behavioural intervention in both contexts. Apparently, the judo coach revealed a pedagogical approach to the adapted judo collective, namely in teaching behaviours and multidimensional feedback analysis.
Santa Catarina Basketball Coaches: The Development Formal, Informal And Non-Formal Learning
The aim of this work was to identify the development of formal, non-formal and informal learning of basketball coaches from Santa Catarina/Brazil. Participated 19 coaches from 14 cities in this state who filled out a questionnaire the identity of personal and professional. Content analysis was used to analyze the information. The formal learning of the participants permeated by the initial training, in Institutions of Higher Education of public character (n=9) and private (n=10), in Physical Education - Licenciature degree extended (n=13), licenciature degree (n=3), bachelor degree (n=1) and both (n=2). In addition, 13 studied post-graduation lato sensu and two in lato sensu and stricto sensu. As non-formal learning, they indicated participation in events (n=18) and presencial training courses (n=11) and/or distance (n=6). In informal learning through the exchange of knowledge between coaches (n=19) and professionals from other areas (n=13) and; (n=19), scientific articles (n=15) and miscellaneous articles (n=13). it also was indicated experience as an athlete (n=18) and assistant coach (n=17). Therefore, the investigated about coach learning presented different forms of socialization and showed similarity in all types of learning, mainly in the informal.
The 3x3 basketball as a facilitator for the positive development of young people
Based on the hypothesis that sport can positively influence the development of young people, in this article through a bibliographical and documentary review, we seek to understand if and how Basketball 3x3 can contribute to this process. We note that the modality has characteristics that can facilitate its insertion in different places and contexts, which can motivate not only students / athletes to practice and engage in sports, but also teachers / coaches working in it. It is noteworthy that these professionals play an important role in the process of teaching, living and learning sports and consequently in the positive development of young people throughout their lives. Thus, we conclude that Basketball 3x3 has facilitators that favor the positive development of young people and that the teacher/coach is an essential mediator in this process.
Analysis of success in soccer according to the maximum level of achievement: the goal
The aim of this study was to describe and analyze the percentage of goals achieved with respect to the number of shots on goal and the probability of success, related to the demarcation of the player, the body region with which the action is executed and the spatial context from which makes. 733 shooting actions (goal = 99) of the UEFA Champions League qualifying round 16-17 were analyzed and recorded by means of an instrument developed ad hoc. The forwards obtained a high level of success, unlike the lateral defenses, which obtained a low level. The probability of success of getting a goal with the head was similar to the one of the right foot, being the central defender the demarcation that more goals obtained with this corporal region. The level of success from the central corridor (PC) was high, while from the side corridors (PLD and PLI) it was very low. In the sector-corridor relationship, from PC, the level of success was high in the offensive sector (SO) and very low in the offensive middle sector (SMO). Within zone 11, in subzone 11.5 it was from where more shots were made but with a low probability of success. In sub-area 11.1 the number of shots was low but they obtained a high probability of success. Subzone 11.2 obtained a low probability of success with the head and upper body region with the right body region. It is important that the coaches know that demarcations, corporal regions of execution of the action and zones of the field have a greater probability of success to be able to plan their training and improve the performance of their players.
This work is an exploratory study to increase data quality control, by using temporal correlation coefficients. The consolidation of the observational methodology (Anguera, 2017) has been preceded by improvements of a different nature. It was based on an observational registration tool applied to handball and made up of criteria and categories. The study design corresponded to quadrant III, as a) nomothetic, isolated, and multidimensional. Two observers recorded handball matches (N = 4) with the help of Lince software. Statistical packages, SPSS v. 24 and JASP v. 0820, were used to associate the times of each inter-observer register and calculate the correlation coefficients among other analysis. The practical application of the work would have in the analysis of motor behavior an application but that is not the only one. Addressing the synchronization of observers when registering is a procedure open to improvement both in reliability and accuracy.