Brand equity for NBA stars: focusing on players in the brand equity process

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.21.637

Keywords:

Brand equity, brand trust, NBA, purchate intention, sport management

Abstract

Sports teams are in a favorable position to build brand equity due to the strong psychological connections experienced by their supporters. However, more context-specific consideration of this process is needed for the role of player brands. To fill this void, this study conceptualizes a player brand equity model which introduces three new constructs to the sport management literature. The results provide strong support for the five proposed dimensions of player brand equity. Trust in player was found to be a strong predictor of player brand equity, which in turn had a significant effect on player-related purchase intentions. The findings provide support for the conceptual model of the player brand equity process. This study extends previous research by conceptualizing a brand equity process which is specifically focused on professional athletes. It does so with the first known inclusions a context-relevant emotion factor and a consumer trust in player construct.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aaker, D. A. (1991). Aaker’s Brand Equity Model. Managing Brand Equity. New York: Free Press. https://archive.org/details/managingbrandequ00aake

Aaker, D. A. (1992). The value of brand equity. Journal of Business Strategy, 13(4), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb039503

Aaker, D. A. (1996). Measuring brand equity across products and markets. California Management Review, 38(3), 102–120. https://doi.org/10.2307/41165845

Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411

Arai, A., Ko, Y. J., & Kaplanidou, K. (2013). Athlete brand image: Scale development and model test. European Sport Management Quarterly, 3(4):383-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2013.811609

Atilgan, E., Aksoy, S. and Akinci, S. (2005). Determinants of the Brand Equity: A Veri¬fication Approach in the Beverage Industry in Turkey. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 23 (2/3), 237- 248. https://doi.org/10.1108/02634500510597283

Bagozzi, R. P. (1975). Social exchange in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 3(3-4), 314-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02729310

Bai, B., Law, R., & Wen, I. (2008). The impact of website quality customer satisfaction and purchase intentions: evidence from Chinese online visitors. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27, 391–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.10.008

Bańbuła, J. (2024). Effects of Brand Awareness, Brand Association, Perceived Quality, and Brand Loyalty on Overall Brand Equity in Sport. A Case Study of an Amateur Football Sports Club. Physical Culture and Sport Studies and Research, 104(1), 36-47. https://doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2024-0017

Beech, J. G., & Chadwick, S. (Eds.). (2007). The marketing of sport. Pearson Education. https://archive.org/details/marketingofsport0000unse.

Berraquero Rodríguez, D., Baena-González, R., Chavarría-Ortíz, C., & Gallardo-Guerrero, A. M. (2024). La programación del contenido en Instagram como factor clave del Engagement en la Liga Asobal. E-balonmano Com Journal Sports Science, 20(2), 155-168. https://doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.20.155

Biscaia, R., Ross, S., Yoshida, M., Correia, A., Rosado, A., & Maroco, J. (2016). Investigating the role of fan club membership on perceptions of team brand equity in football. Sport Management Review, 29, 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2015.02.001

Blackston, M. (1992). A brand with an attitude: A suitable case for treatment. Journal of Marketing Research Society, 34(3), 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/147078539203400304

Bourke, A. (2006). Marketing football in the Republic of Ireland. In M. Desbordes (Ed.), Marketing and Football: An International Perspective (pp. 237–373). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-7506-8204-6.50015-3

Carlson, B., & Donavan, T. (2013). Human Brands in Sport: Athlete Brand Personality and Identification. Journal of Sport Management, 27(3), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.27.3.193

Casper, J. M., Gray, D. P., & Babkes, M. (2007). A Sport Commitment Model Perspective on Adult Tennis Players’ Participation Frequency and Purchase Intention. Sport Management Review, 10(3), 253–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(07)70014-1

Celedon, P., Milberg, S., & Sinn, F. (2013). Attraction and superiority effects in the Chilean marketplace: Do they exist with real brands?. Journal of Business Research, 66(10), 1780-1786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.12.014

Chalip, L. (2006). Toward a distinctive sport management discipline. Journal of Sport Management, 20, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.20.1.1

Chang, H. H., & Liu, Y. M. (2009). The impact of brand equity on brand preference and purchase intentions in the service industries. The Service Industries Journal, 29(12), 1687-1706. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642060902793557

Chatzipanagiotou, K., Christodoulides G. & Veloutsou, C., (2019). Managing the Consumer-Based Brand Equity Process Across Countries, International Business Review, 28(2), 328-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2018.10.005

Chaudhuri, A., & Holbrook, M. B. (2001). The Chain of Effects from Brand Trust and Brand Affect to Brand Performance: The Role of Brand Loyalty. Journal of Marketing, 65(2), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.65.2.81.18255

Chen, C. F., & Chang, Y. Y. (2008). Airline brand equity, brand preference, and purchase intentions—The moderating effects of switching costs. Journal of Air Transport Management, 14(1), 40-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2007.11.003

Chen, Y.-S. (2010). The Drivers of Green Brand Equity: Green Brand Image, Green Satisfaction, and Green Trust. Journal of Business Ethics, 93, 307–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0223-9

Couvelaere, V., & Richelieu, A. (2005). Brand Strategy in Professional Sports: The Case of French Soccer Teams. European Sport Management Quarterly, 5(1), 23–46. http://doi.org/10.1080/16184740500089524

Delgado-Ballester, E., & Luis Munuera-Alemán, J. (2005). Does brand trust matter to brand equity?. Journal of product & brand management, 14(3), 187-196. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420510601058

Dibble, J. L., Hartmann, T., & Rosaen, S. F. (2016). Parasocial interaction and parasocial relationship: Conceptual clarification and a critical assessment of measures. Human Communication Research, 42(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12063

Dodds, W. B., Monroe, K. B., & Grewal, D. J. (1991). Effects of price, brand, and store information on buyers’ product evaluations. Journal of Marketing Research, 28(3), 307–319. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224379102800305](https://doi.org/10.1177/

Dwyer, F. R., & Oh, S. (1987). Output sector munificence effects on the internal political economy of marketing channels. Journal of marketing research, 24(4), 347-358. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378702400403

Eldegwy, A., Elsharnouby, T. H., & Kortam, W. (2018). How sociable is your university brand? An empirical investigation of university social augmenters’ brand equity. International Journal of Educational Management, 32(5), 912-930. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEM-05-2017-0110

Elliott, R., & Yannopoulou, N. (2007). The nature of trust in brands: a psychosocial model. European Journal of Marketing, 41(9/10), 988-998. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560710773309

Esposito Vinzi, V., Chin, W. W., Henseler, J., & Wang, H. (2010). Perspectives on Partial Least Squares. In V. Esposito Vinzi, W. W. Chin, J. Henseler, & H. Wang (Eds.), Handbook of Partial Least Squares (pp. 1–22). Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8_1

Faircloth, J.B., Capella, L.M., and Alford, B.L. (2001). The effect of brand attitude and brand image on Brand Equity. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 9(3), 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10696679.2001.11501897

Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A Primer for Soft Modeling. Akron, Ohio: The University of Akron Press. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/R-Falk-2/publication/232590534_A_Primer_for_Soft_Modeling/links/0f317536164ce52c67000000/A-Primer-for-Soft-Modeling.pdf.

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104

Funk, D. C. (2008). Consumer behaviour in sport and events. Oxford, UK: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080942858

Gamble, R., Hill, D. M., & Parker, A. (2013). Revs and psychos: Role, impact and interaction of sport chaplains and sport psychologists within English premiership soccer. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25(2), 249-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2012.737403

Garbarino, E., & Johnson, M. S. (1999). The Different Roles of Satisfaction, Trust, and Commitment in Customer Relationships. Journal of Marketing, 63(2), 70–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224299906300205

Gefen, D., Straub, D., & Boudreau, M.-C. (2000). Structural equation modeling and regression : Guidelines for research practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4(7), 1–78. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.00407

Gladden, J. M., Milne, G. R., & Sutton, W. A. (1998). A conceptual framework for assessing brand equity in Division I college athletics. Journal of sport management, 12(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.12.1.1

Grappi, S., Pauwels, V., Pedeliento, G., & Zarantonello, L. (2024). How nostalgia in advertising increases brand love: a cross-country study. Journal Of Product & Brand Management, 33(7), 869-887. https://doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-12-2023-4857

Gronroos, C. (1990). Relationship approach to marketing in service contexts: The marketing and organizational behavior interface. Journal of business research, 20(1), 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(90)90037-E

Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R. & Tatham, R. (2006) Multivariate Data Analysis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. https://www.drnishikantjha.com/papersCollection/Multivariate%20Data%20Analysis.pdf

Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-151. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202

Hausman, J. A., & Leonard, G. K. (1997). Superstars in the National Basketball Association: Economic value and policy. Journal of Labor Economics, 15(4), 586-624. https://doi.org/10.1086/209839

Hull, K., & Lewis, N. P. (2014). Why Twitter displaces broadcast sports media: A model. International Journal of Sport Communication, 7(1), 16-33. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSC.2013-0101

Jevons, C., & Gabbott, M. (2010). Trust, Brand Equity and Brand Reality in Internet Business Relationships: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Journal of Marketing Management, 16(6), 619–634. https://doi.org/10.1362/026725700785045949

Keller, K. L. (1993). Conceptualizing, measuring, and managing customer-based brand equity. The Journal of Marketing, 57(1), 1–22. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1252054

Ki, C., Cuevas, L. M., Chong, S. M., & Lim, H. (2020). Influencer marketing: Social media influencers as human brands attaching to followers and yielding positive marketing results by fulfilling needs. Journal Of Retailing And Consumer Services, 55, 102133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102133

Kristiansen, E., & Williams, A. S. (2015). Communicating the athlete as a brand: An examination of LPGA star Suzann Pettersen. International Journal of Sport Communication, 8(3), 371-388. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSC.2015-0020

Kunkel, T., & Biscaia, R. (2020). Sport Brands: Brand Relationships and Consumer Behavior. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 29(1), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.32731/smq.291.032020.01

Laroche, M., & Brisoux, J. E. (1989). Incorporating competition into consumer behavior models: The case of the attitude-intention relationship. Journal of Economic Psychology, 10(3), 343–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-4870(89)90024-5

Laroche, M., Kim, C., & Zhou, L. (1996). Brand familiarity and confidence as determinants of purchase intention: An empirical test in a multiple brand context. Journal of Business Research, 37(2), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(96)00056-2

Lewis, J. D., & Weigert, A. (1985). Trust as a social reality. Social forces, 63(4), 967-985. https://doi.org/10.2307/2578601

Lewis, M., & Yoon, Y. (2018). An empirical examination of the development and impact of star power in Major League Baseball. Journal of Sports Economics, 19(2), 155-187. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002516673405

Li, G., Li, G., & Kambele, Z. (2012). Luxury fashion brand consumers in China: Perceived value, fashion lifestyle, and willingness to pay. Journal of Business Research, 65(10), 1516-1522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.019

Liu, M. T., Huang, Y., & Minghua, J. (2007). Relations among attractiveness of endorsers, match‐up, and purchase intention in sport marketing in China. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 24(6), 358–365. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760710822945

Lo, F‐Y., & Peng, J‐X. (2022). Strategies for successful personal branding of celebrities on social media platforms: Involvement or information sharing?. Psychology & Marketing, 39(2), 320-330. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21597

López-García, Adrián & Alonso-Pérez-Chao, Enrique & Navarro-Barragán, Rafael & Saiz, Sergio. (2025). Exploring Home-court Advantage and Home Win Percentage Rates in American Basketball Leagues: A Gender-Centric Examination of WNBA and NBA Teams. E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science, 21(3), 393-400. https://doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.21.393

MacLeod, C. (2000). Does your brand need a makeover? Marketing, 21, 24–27.

Malhotra, N. K. (2009). Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. https://nibmehub.com/opac-service/pdf/read/Marketing%20Research%20An%20Applied%20Approach-%20Malhotra-%20N.K-%202ed.pdf.

Malone, C., & Fiske, S. T. (2013). The human brand: How we relate to people, products, and companies. John Wiley & Sons.

Mishra, A., Yousaf, A., & Gannon, M. (2024). ‘A Reputation to Protect’: Sport-Team Reputation as a Strategic Source of Brand Equity. Corporate Reputation Review. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41299-024-00200-7

Nowak, L., Thach, L., & Olsen, J. E. (2006). Wowing the millennials: creating brand equity in the wine industry. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 15(5), 316-323. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420610685712

Na, S., Kunkel, T., and Doyle, J. (2020). Exploring athlete brand image development on social media: the role of signalling through source credibility. European Sport Management Quarterly, 20(1), 88–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2019.1662465

Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric Theory. New Jersey: McGrawn Hill.

Papadimitriou, D., Kaplanidou, K. K., & Papacharalampous, N. (2016). Sport event-sponsor fit and its effects on sponsor purchase intentions: a non-consumer perspective among athletes, volunteers and spectators. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 31(2), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-09-2014-0180

Whan Park, C., MacInnis, D. J., Priester, J., Eisingerich, A. B., & Iacobucci, D. (2010). Brand attachment and brand attitude strength: Conceptual and empirical differentiation of two critical brand equity drivers. Journal of marketing, 74(6), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.74.6.1

Park, C. S., & Srinivasan, V. (1994). A survey-based method for measuring and understanding brand equity and its extendibility. Journal of Marketing Research, 31(2), 271–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224379403100210

Park, J.-A., Sung, J.-M., Son, J.-M., Na, K., and Kim, S.-K. (2019). Athletes’ brand equity, spectator satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 31(2), 541–558. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-05-2018-0176

Parker, B. T. (2012). Candidate Brand Equity Valuation: A Comparison of U.S. Presidential Candidates During the 2008 Primary Election Campaign. Journal of Political Marketing, 11(3), 208–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2012.694836

Pillai, K. G., & Kumar, V. (2012). Differential effects of value consciousness and coupon proneness on consumers’ persuasion knowledge of pricing tactics. Journal of Retailing, 88(1), 20-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2011.10.002

Pope, N., & Voges, K. (2000). The Impact of Sport Sponsorship Activities, Corporate Image, and Prior Use on Consumer Purchase Intention. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 9(2), 96–103.

Rempel, J. K., Holmes, J. G., & Zanna, M. P. (1985). Trust in close relationships. Journal of personality and social psychology, 49(1), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.95

Rodríguez, D. B., González, R. B., Ortíz, C. C., & Guerrero, A. M. G. (2024). La programación del contenido en Instagram como factor clave del Engagement en la Liga Asobal. E-balonmano Com Journal Sports Science, 20(2), 155-168. https://doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.20.155

Ross, S. D. (2006). A conceptual framework for understanding spectator-based brand equity. Journal of sport Management, 20(1), 22-38. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.20.1.22

Sarpong, A. & Zungu, N (2025). Sports sponsorship, brand image, and purchase intentions toward sponsors’ products. Managing Sport and Leisure. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2024.2444449

Shibin K., & Abdul Azees P. (2024). Impact of Athlete Brand Image Dimensions on the Young Consumers’ Psychological Attachment. NMIMS Management Review, 32(1), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/09711023241249336

Silva, A. (2021). Involvement and loyalty of runners in sponsorship effectiveness - The case of athletics races. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 21(3), 192-212. https://doi.org/10.6018/cpd.463121

Slack, L. A., Maynard, I. W., Butt, J., & Olusoga, P. (2013). Factors underpinning football officiating excellence: perceptions of English Premier League referees. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 25(3), 298-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2012.726935

Smith, A., Graetz, B., & Westerbeek, H. (2008). Sports sponsorship, team support and purchase intentions. Journal of Sports Marketing Communications, 14(5), 387–404. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.22.2.200

Sotiriadou, P., Linsner, A., Hallmann, K., and Hill, B. (2024). Athlete Brand Congruence as a Measure to Evaluate Brand Identity and Image Fit. Australasian Marketing Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/14413582241240077

Sparks, B. A., & Browning, V. (2011). The impact of online reviews on hotel booking intentions and perception of trust. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1310–1323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.12.011

Stahl, F., Heitmann, M., Lehmann, D. R., & Neslin, S. A. (2012). The Impact of Brand Equity on Customer Acquisition, Retention, and Profit Margin. Journal of Marketing, 76(4), 44–63. https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.10.0522

Sutton, W. A., McDonald, M. A., Milne, G. R., & Cimperman, J. (1997). Creating and Fostering Fan Identification in Professional Sports. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 6(1), 15–22.

Swanson, S., & Kent, A. (2014). The complexity of leading in sport: Examining the role of domain expertise in assessing leader credibility and prototypicality. Journal of Sport Management, 28(1), 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2012-0302

Swanson, S., & Kent, A. (2017). Passion and pride in professional sports: Investigating the role of workplace emotion. Sport Management Review, 20(4), 352-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.006

Thomson, M. (2006). Human brands: Investigating antecedents to consumers' strong attachments to celebrities. Journal of marketing, 70(3), 104-119. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.70.3.104

Tsai, Y. C., Chang, H. C., & Ho, K. C. (2015). A study of the relationship among brand experiences, self-concept congruence, customer satisfaction, and brand preference. Contemporary Management Research, 11(2), 97-116. https://doi.org/10.7903/cmr.13822

Vallerand, R. J., & Blanchard, C. M. (2000). The study of emotion in sport and exercise: Historical, definitional, and conceptual perspectives. In Y. L. Hanin (Ed.), Emotions in sport (pp. 3-37). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Vlachos, P. A., Tsamakos, A., Vrechopoulos, A. P., & Avradimis, P. K. (2009). Corporate social responsibility: Attributions, loyalty, and the mediating role of trust. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 35(2), 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-008-0117-x

Vogel, V., Evanschitzky, H., & Ramaseshan, B. (2008). Customer equity drivers and future sales. Journal of marketing, 72(6), 98-108. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.72.6.098

Walsh, P., & Williams, A. (2017). To extend or not extend a human brand: An analysis of perceived fit and attitudes toward athlete brand extensions. Journal of Sport Management, 31(1), 44-60. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2016-0103

Wann, D. L. (2006). The causes and consequences of sport team identification. In A. A. Raney & J. Bryant (Eds.), Handbook of sports and media (pp. 331-352). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203873670-23

Watkins, B. A. (2014). Revisiting the Social Identity–Brand Equity Model: An Application to Professional Sports. Journal of Sport Management, 28(4), 471–480. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0259

Williams, A., Walsh, P., & Rhenwrick, I. (2015). A conceptual framework for assessing brand equity in professional athletes. International Journal of Sport Management, 16(1), 1-21.

Williamson, O. E. (1993). Calculativeness, trust, and economic organization. The Journal of Law and Economics, 36(1, Part 2), 453-486. https://doi.org/10.1086/467284

Wonseok, E. J., Ko, Y. J., & Chan-Olmsted, S. (2015). Spectator-based sports team reputation: scale development and validation. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 16, 52-72. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-16-01-2015-B005

Yang, Y., Shi, M., & Goldfarb, A. (2009). Estimating the Value of Brand Alliances in Professional Team Sports. Marketing Science, 28(6), 1095–1111. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1090.0492

Yoo, B., Donthu, N., & Lee, S. (2000). An examination of selected marketing mix elements and brand equity. Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 28(2), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070300282002

Yoshida, M., & Gordon, B. (2012). Who is more influenced by customer equity drivers? A moderator analysis in a professional soccer context. Sport Management Review, 15(4), 389-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2012.03.002

Zareie, B., & Navimipour, N. J. (2016). The impact of electronic environmental knowledge on the environmental behaviors of people. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.01.025

Zhou, Y., & Tainsky, S. (2017). Enhanced Brand Credibility of American Athletes with International Teammates. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 26(2), 63.

Downloads

Published

2026-01-19 — Updated on 2026-01-30

Versions

How to Cite

Brand equity for NBA stars: focusing on players in the brand equity process. (2026). E-Balonmano Com, Journal of Sports Science, 21(4), 637-652. https://doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.21.637 (Original work published 2026)