Asociaciones específicas según el sexo entre la fuerza isométrica específica de cada articulación y el rendimiento en el salto en atletas de alto rendimiento
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.22.301Palabras clave:
rendimiento deportivo, test de salto, fuerza isométrica, dinamometría, sexoResumen
Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar cómo la fuerza isométrica en las articulaciones de las extremidades inferiores se correlaciona con el rendimiento neuromuscular y establecer valores descriptivos específicos por sexo. Un total de 99 atletas de alto rendimiento participaron en el estudio. Se midieron las alturas de salto en el squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) y drop jump (DJ), junto con la fuerza isométrica en los músculos de las extremidades inferiores. Los resultados revelaron diferencias entre sexos (p < 0.001) en la altura de salto. El CMJ mostró los valores más altos en ambos sexos (hombres: 37,00 cm; mujeres: 28,89 cm), seguido del SJ (hombres: 27,07 cm; mujeres: 34,34 cm) y del DJ (hombres: 26,46 cm; mujeres: 33,25 cm). Los hombres presentaron mayor fuerza relativa en la aducción de cadera, rotación externa, extensión, flexión y flexión de rodilla. Las correlaciones mostraron que en mujeres, la fuerza de los extensores de rodilla tuvo la mayor asociación con todos los saltos (p < 0.01; r = 0.475–0.589), junto con los flexores de rodilla, flexores plantares y dorsiflexores del tobillo en los tres saltos, los extensores de cadera en el DJ y los flexores de cadera en el CMJ y DJ (p < 0.05; r = 0.411–0.531). En atletas masculinos no se observaron diferencias significativas, pero sí una correlación positiva en la rotación externa e interna de la cadera y en la extensión de cadera. Estos datos permiten individualizar la preparación física según el sexo, así como enfatizar el trabajo de fuerza en grupos musculares específicos con el fin de optimizar el rendimiento del atleta.
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