Research designs in Sports Science
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.22.1Keywords:
research methodology, research design classification, methodological designs, theoretical designs, instrumental designs, quantitative empirical designs, qualitative designs, mixed methods designAbstract
Research design constitutes a core component of the scientific process, as it structures the logical coherence among the theoretical framework, methodological decisions, data collection and analysis, and the interpretation of results. However, in Sport Sciences, conceptual ambiguity persists in the use of terms such as methodology, design, method, and instruments, along with a frequent lack of explicit identification of the adopted design in numerous studies. The aim of this article is to clarify the conceptual role of research design within the research process and to propose an original, comprehensive, and flexible classification specifically tailored to the field through a narrative review. To this end, the relationship among methodology, design, method, and techniques/instruments is hierarchically delineated, and an integrative framework of six broad study types is presented: methodological, theoretical, and instrumental designs, and empirical designs (quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods). The proposal conceives design as a multidimensional and non-exclusive structure, in which different criteria can coexist and be integrated within a single study depending on the objectives, context, and analytical strategy. This approach facilitates the identification, communication, and evaluation of research design, and supports the recommendation of systematically reporting it as a specific subsection within the methods section to strengthen transparency, replicability, and research quality in Sport Sciences.
Downloads
References
Adhikari, R., & Timsina, T. P. (2024). An Educational Study Focused on the Application of Mixed Method Approach as a Research Method. OCEM Journal of Management, Technology & Social Sciences, 3(1), 94-109. https://doi.org/10.3126/ocemjmtss.v3i1.62229
Aguilera, R. (2014). ¿Revisión sistemática, revisión narrativa o metaanálisis? Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor, 21(6), 359-360.
Albaladejo-Saura, M., Mateo-Orcajada, A., Esparza-Ros, F., & Vaquero-Cristóbal, R. (2025). Effect of a “Team Based Learning” Methodology Intervention on the Psychological and Learning Variables of Sport Sciences University Students. Education Sciences, 15(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15101405
Altmann, V. C., Mason, B. S., Geurts, T., van de Camp, S., & Vanlandewijck, Y. C. (2022). Objective Measurement of Ball-Handling Proficiency in Wheelchair Sports: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences, 2, Article 798675. https://doi.org/10.3389/fresc.2021.798675
Amat, S., Busquier, S., Gómez-Carmona, C. D., Gómez-López, M., & Pino-Ortega, J. (2025). Algorithm-Based Real-Time Analysis of Training Phases in Competitive Canoeing: An Automated Approach for Performance Monitoring. Algorithms, 18(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/a18050242
Amatria, M., Elvira Aranda, C., & Pérez Turpin, J. A. (2025). Validación del NECoSsGOT. Un instrumento de observación para el análisis de las situaciones de juego reducido durante la competición en fútbol. E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science, 21(1), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.21.143
Andrade, C. (2019). Describing Research Design. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 41(2), 201-202. https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_66_19
Anguera, M. T., Blanco, A., Hernández, A., & Losada, J. L. (2011). Diseños observacionales: ajuste y aplicación en psicología del deporte. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 11(2).
Anguera, M. T., & Hernández-Mendo, A. (2013). Observational methodology in sport sciences. E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science, 9(3), 135-160.
Armour, K. M., & MacDonald, D. (2012). Research methods in physical education and youth sport (Vol. 2). Routledge London.
Ato, M., Lopez, J. J., & Benavente, A. (2013). A classification system for research designs in psychology. Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 1038-1059. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.178511
Azzarito, L., & Solmon, M. A. (2006). A feminist poststructuralist view on student bodies in physical education: Sites of compliance, resistance, and transformation [Article]. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 25(2), 200-225. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.25.2.200
Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., & Duda, J. L. (2007). Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Motivación Deportiva en deportistas españoles. Revista Mexicana de Psicología, 24(2), 197-207.
Barker, J., McCarthy, P., Jones, M., & Moran, A. (2011). Single-case research methods in sport and exercise psychology. Routledge.
Barquero-Ruiz, C., Castro-Garcia, M., Moreno-Dona, A., & Kirk, D. (2024). Enacting a new curriculum: Chile's social uprising and the reshaping of physical education. Sport Education and Society. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2024.2441987
Bastida-Castillo, A., Gómez-Carmona, C. D., De la Cruz-Sanchez, E., Reche-Royo, X., Ibáñez, S. J., & Pino-Ortega, J. (2019). Accuracy and Inter-Unit Reliability of Ultra-Wide-Band Tracking System in Indoor Exercise. Applied Sciences-Basel, 9(5), Article 939. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9050939
Bastida-Castillo, A., Gomez-Carmona, C. D., De La Cruz Sanchez, E., & Pino-Ortega, J. (2019). Comparing accuracy between global positioning systems and ultra-wideband-based position tracking systems used for tactical analyses in soccer. European Journal of Sport Science, 19(9), 1157-1165. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1584248
Beddoes, Z., Pennington, T., Phillips, A., Gerber, C., Weidenhamer, K., Morales, N., & Hendrix, S. (2025). Toward an Understanding of the Relationship Between Professional Learning Community Engagement and Collective Teacher Efficacy Among Physical Education Teachers. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2024-0388
Behm, D. G., Blazevich, A. J., Kay, A. D., & McHugh, M. (2016). Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 41(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0235
Birrento-Aguiar, R. A., Garcia-Angulo, F. J., Leonardo, L., Palao-Andres, J. M., & Ortega-Toro, E. (2025). Impact of Modified Competition Formats on Physical Performance in Under-14 Female Volleyball Players: The Role of Biological Maturity. Sports (Basel), 13(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13110390
Blair, G., Cooper, J., Coppock, A., & Humphreys, M. (2019). Declaring and Diagnosing Research Designs. American Political Science Review, 113(3), 838-859. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055419000194
Blanco-Villaseñor, Á., Castellano, J., Hernández Mendo, A., Sánchez-López, C. R., & Usabiaga, O. (2014). Aplicación de la TG en el deporte para el estudio de la fiabilidad, validez y estimación de la muestra. Revista de Psicología del deporte, 23(1), 131-137.
Bleidelis, I., Luika, S., Kolesovs, A., & Boobani, B. (2025). A comparison of box-to-box and positional possession styles: selecting an appropriate game format for U13 footballers (a pilot study). Frontiers in sports and active living, 7, 1634446. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1634446
Bonilla-García, M. Á., & López-Suárez, A. D. (2016). Ejemplificación del proceso metodológico de la teoría fundamentada. Cinta de moebio(57), 305-315. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0717-554x2016000300006
Book, R. T., Svensson, J., & Stambulova, N. (2024). Narrative research in sport and exercise science in the early 21st century: a state-of-the-art critical review. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 16(6), 567-597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676x.2024.2374827
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2021). Introduction to meta-analysis. John Wiley & Sons.
Braakhuis, A. J., Somerville, V. X., & Hurst, R. D. (2020). The effect of New Zealand blackcurrant on sport performance and related biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00354-9
Calle, O., Antúnez, A., González-Espinosa, S., Ibáñez, S. J., & Feu, S. (2025). Monitoring the Impact of Two Pedagogical Models on Physical Load in an Alternative School Sport Using Inertial Devices. Sensors (Basel), 25(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/s25185929
Camerino, O., Castañer, M., & Anguera, T. M. (2014). Mixed Methods Research in the Movement Sciences: Case studies in sport, physical education and dance (Vol. 5). Routledge.
Camomilla, V., Bergamini, E., Fantozzi, S., & Vannozzi, G. (2018). Trends Supporting the In-Field Use of Wearable Inertial Sensors for Sport Performance Evaluation: A Systematic Review. Sensors (Basel), 18(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/s18030873
Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (2015). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Ravenio books.
Cantonero-Cobos, J. M., García-Ceberino, J. M., Conde-García, C., Sáenz-López Buñuel, P., & Fierro-Suero, S. (2025). Diseño, validación y evaluación del programa formativo para docentes: clima emocional y motivacional en el aula (CEYM). E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science, 21(2), 229-240. https://doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.21.229
Carless, D., & Douglas, K. (2016). Narrative research. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(3), 307-308. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1262611
Carretero-Dios, H., & Pérez, C. (2005). Normas para el desarrollo y revisión de estudios instrumentales. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 5(3), 521-551.
Carretero-Dios, H., & Pérez, C. (2007). Normas para el desarrollo y revisión de estudios instrumentales: consideraciones sobre la selección de tests en la investigación psicológica. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 7(3), 863-882.
Castillo, L. A., Ruiz, J. M., & Castillo, A. N. (2026). Programa MET-IEF: Enseñanza comprensiva en deportes de campo separado. Acciónmotriz, 37, 56-80.
Chen, C. Y., & Lin, Y. H. (2020). Persuasion effect of corporate social responsibility initiatives in professional sport franchise: Moderating effect analysis. Plos One, 15(12), e0243579. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243579
Churchill, S. L. A. C. (2025). Exploring the Role of Physical Activity and Exercise in Epilepsy Management Iowa State University].
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 3rd edition. SAGE.
Cubo, S., Martín, B., & Ramos, J. L. (2011). Métodos de investigación y análisis de datos en ciencias sociales y de la salud. Ediciones Pirámide.
De Bosscher, V., Shibli, S., van Bottenburg, M., De Knop, P., & Truyens, J. (2010). Developing a Method for Comparing the Elite Sport Systems and Policies of Nations: A Mixed Research Methods Approach [Article]. Journal of Sport Management, 24(5), 567-600.
De Paula Machado Pasqua, L., & De Toledo, E. (2025). Historical Clues in N′golo for the Understanding of Floreio in Capoeira [Article]. International Journal of the History of Sport, 42(10), 1065-1089. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2025.2579123
Decorte, E., Jelen, N., & Nuytens, W. (2024). Developper la pratique dactivites physiques et sportives denfants de milieux defavorises: configurations et perspectives dune approche ascendante faite dinterventions en contexte scolaire. Sante publique (Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France), 36(HS2), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.3917/spub.hs2.2024.0015
Duque, V. H., Mancha-Triguero, D., Ibáñez, S. J., & Sáenz-López, P. (2022). Motivación, inteligencia emocional y carga de entrenamiento en función del género y categoría en baloncesto en edades escolares. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 22(2), 15-32.
Dutia, I. M., Connick, M. J., Beckman, E. M., Johnston, L. M., Wilson, P. J., Macaro, A., & Tweedy, S. M. (2020). Evaluating the Effects of Performance-Focused Swimming Training on People with Cerebral Palsy Who Have High Support Needs – A Study Protocol Using Single-Case Experimental Design. Brain Impairment, 21(2), 217-234. https://doi.org/10.1017/BrImp.2019.15
Ellmer, E., Rynne, S., & Enright, E. (2020). Learning in action sports: A scoping review. European Physical Education Review, 26(1), 263-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336x19851535
Escobar-Pérez, J., & Cuervo-Martínez, A. (2008). Validez de contenido y juicio de expertos: Una aproximación a su utilización. Avances en medición, 6, 27–36.
Evangelio, C., González-Víllora, S., & Peiró-Velert, C. (2025). Health-Based Physical Education and Sport Education: the staging of a hybridization from a collaborative approach. Sport, Education and Society, 30(5), 543-559.
Everard, C., Wadey, R., Day, M., & Howells, K. (2025). Examining the applied value of narratives for professional practice: An exploration of sports injury narratives in action [Article]. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 37(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2024.2370793
Fan, X., Atkinson, O., & Bryan, R. R. (2025). An Ecological Perspective on Physical Education Teacher Education: Lessons Learned From Novice Teachers' Perceptions and Experiences. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2024-0354
Fernández-Cortes, J. A., Cáceres, L., Antúnez, A., Gracía-Rubio, J., & Ibáñez, S. J. (2022). Análisis de la Influencia de las Variables Situacionales en el Fútbol Profesional. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, 46, 114-119.
Fernández, D., Casals, M., Oliver, M., Plensa, M., & Manisera, M. (2024). Reporting of clustering techniques in sports sciences: a scoping review. Electronic Journal of Applied Statistical Analysis, 17(3), 653-675. https://doi.org/10.1285/i20705948v17n3p653
Ferraz, A., Duarte-Mendes, P., Sarmento, H., Valente-Dos-Santos, J., & Travassos, B. (2023). Tracking devices and physical performance analysis in team sports: a comprehensive framework for research-trends and future directions. Frontiers in sports and active living, 5, 1284086. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2023.1284086
Feu, S., Garcia-Rubio, J., Ibanez, S. J., & Antunez, A. (2022). External load of the tasks planned by teachers for learning handball. Plos One, 17(4), e0265745-e0265745. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265745
Feu, S., Hernandez, J. d. l. C., Ibanez, S. J., & Antunez, A. (2023). Validation of the integral System of Task Analysis for Physical Education [Article]. Profesorado. Revista de Curriculum y Formacion de Profesorado, 27(3), 21-43. https://doi.org/10.30827/profesorado.v27i3.21335
Feu, S., Ibáñez, S. J., Graça, A., & Sampaio, J. (2007). Psychometric evaluation of the Coach Orientation Questionnaire with a Spanish sample of handball coaches. Psicothema, 19(4), 698-704.
Feu, S., Ibáñez, S. J., Lorenzo, A., Jiménez, S., & Cañadas, M. (2012). Professional knowledge acquired by handball coaches: training and experience. Revista de Psicología del deporte, 21(1), 107-115.
Freeman, K. A., & Mash, E. J. (2015). Single-Case Research Designs. In Handbook of clinical psychology (pp. 322-350). JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.
Freitas, D., Girginov, V., & Teoldo, I. (2017). What do they do? Competency and managing in Brazilian Olympic Sport Federations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(2), 193-209. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2016.1244697
Gabbett, T. J. (2016). The training-injury prevention paradox: should athletes be training smarter and harder? British journal of sports medicine, 50(5), 273-280. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095788
Garcia-Mas, A., Palou, P., Gili, M., Ponseti, X., Borras, P. A., Vidal, J., Cruz, J., Torregrosa, M., Villamarin, F., & Sousa, C. (2010). Commitment, enjoyment and motivation in young soccer competitive players. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13(2), 609-616. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600002286
García-Pinilla, J. I., Pineda Miranda, B. A., Rodríguez-Jiménez, O. R., & Nicholls-Rodríguez, D. (2023). Desarrollo de competencias tecnológicas en docentes utilizando un modelo de diseño instruccional. Educación y Educadores, 26(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.5294/edu.2023.26.1.3
Garcia-Santos, D., Gómez-Ruano, M. A., Vaquera, A., & Ibáñez, S. J. (2020). Systematic review of basketball referees' performances. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 20(3), 495-533. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1758437
García, A. C., Ruiz, J. M., & Castillo, L. A. (2025). Aplicación de un método de enseñanza comprensiva para deportes de participación alternada en edad escolar. Acciónmotriz, 36, 62-81.
Gilbourne, D., & Richardson, D. (2005). A practitioner-focused approach to the provision of psychological support in soccer: Adopting action research themes and processes [Article; Proceedings Paper]. Journal of sports sciences, 23(6), 651-658. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021344
Gómez-Carmona, C. D., & Asín-Izquierdo, I. (2025). Positioning Technology and Microelectromechanical Systems in Early Childhood Education and Care. In Physical Education in Early Childhood. Movement and Development from 3 to 6 Years (pp. 523-538). Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
Gomez-Carmona, C. D., Bastida-Castillo, A., Garcia-Rubio, J., Ibanez, S. J., & Pino-Ortega, J. (2019). Static and dynamic reliability of WIMU PRO (TM) accelerometers according to anatomical placement. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part P-Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 233(2), 238-248. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754337118816922
Gómez-Carmona, C. D., Bastida-Castillo, A., Ibáñez, S. J., & Pino-Ortega, J. (2020). Accelerometry as a method for external workload monitoring in invasion team sports. A systematic review. Plos One, 15(8), e0236643. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236643
Gómez-Carmona, C. D., Pino-Ortega, J., & Ibáñez, S. J. (2020). Design and validity of a field test battery for assessing multi-location external load profile in invasion team sports. E-Balonmano Com, 16(1), 23-48. ://WOS:000513765700003
Gómez-Carmona, C. D., Pino-Ortega, J., & Rico-González, M. (2021). Microelectromechanical systems. In The Use of Applied Technology in Team Sport (pp. 52-73). Routledge.
González-Espinosa, S., Ibáñez, S. J., & Feu, S. (2017). Design of two basketball teaching programs in two different teaching methods. E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science, 13(2), 131-152.
González, E. A. R., & Ibáñez, D. T. V. (2025). Challenges of physical activity and adapted sports for the overall development of people with disabilities. Educacion Fisica Y Ciencia, 27(1), Article e324. https://doi.org/10.24215/23142561e324
Graham, C. A., Simon, E. L., & Knott, J. (2020). Study design: A research primer for low- and middle-income countries. African Journal of Emergency Medicine, 10(Suppl 2), S115-S119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afjem.2020.10.007
Gratton, C., & Jones, I. (2014). Research methods for sports studies. Routledge.
Hakim, C. (2000). Research design: successful designs for social and economic research. Routledge.
Halson, S. L. (2014). Monitoring training load to understand fatigue in athletes. Sports Medicine, 44 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), S139-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0253-z
Haynes, S., Richard, D., & Kubany, E. (1995). Content Validity in Psychological Assessment: A Functional Approach to Concepts and Methods. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 238-247.
Hemphill, M. A., Gordon, B., & Wright, P. M. (2019). Sports as a passport to success: life skill integration in a positive youth development program [Article]. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 24(4), 390-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2019.1606901
Hernández, R., Fernández, C., & Batista, P. (2014). Metodologia de la Investigación (6ª Edición). Mc Graw Hill Edication.
Heuzé, J.-P., Sarrazin, P., Masiero, M., Raimbault, N., & Thomas, J.-P. (2006). The Relationships of Perceived Motivational Climate to Cohesion and Collective Efficacy in Elite Female Teams. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18(3), 201-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200600830273
Hiew, W., & Murray, J. (2024). Enhancing Huber's evaluation framework for teacher professional development programme [Article]. Professional Development in Education, 50(4), 669-683. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2021.1901236
Hinojosa-Torres, C., Espoz-Lazo, S., Soto-Garcia, D., Zavala-Crichton, J. P., & Farias-Valenzuela, C. (2022). The Competition on the Handball Initiation: Analysis of the Pedagogical Approach in Latin America. Sport Tk-Revista Euroamericana De Ciencias Del Deporte, 11.
Hong, H. J., & Hong, S. H. (2024). Dual career (DC) experiences of Korean elite judokas before and at university. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 70, Article 102564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102564
Hook, M., Knight, C. J., & McGawley, K. (2025). Stigmatised health topics in sport: An action research approach to enhance knowledge and communication. Journal of sports sciences, Article Pmid 8405364. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2025.2598171
Hopkins, W. G., Marshall, S. W., Batterham, A. M., & Hanin, J. (2009). Progressive Statistics for Studies in Sports Medicine and Exercise Science [Article]. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(1), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278
Howell, D. C. (1992). Statistical methods for psychology. PWS-Kent Publishing Co.
Huang, Y., Wang, S., Li, C., Wang, Y., Bai, Z., Lv, B., Gui, Y., & Wei, Z. (2025). Investigating the effects of previous injury on subsequent training loads, physical fitness, and injuries in youth female basketball players. Frontiers in Physiology, 16, 1506611. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1506611
Ibáñez, S. J., Courel-Ibáñez, J., Contreras-García, J. M., & Piñar-López, M. I. (2025). Redefining player roles in professional women's basketball: From traditional positions to functional profiles. Plos One, 20(9), e0330726. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0330726
Ibáñez, S. J., Gantois, P., Rico-González, M., García-Rubio, J., & Ortega, J. P. (2024). Profile of Accelerations and Decelerations in Young Basketball Players. Applied Sciences, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14104120
Ibáñez, S. J., López-Sierra, P., Lorenzo, A., & Feu, S. (2023). Kinematic and Neuromuscular Ranges of External Loading in Professional Basketball Players during Competition. Applied Sciences, 13(21). https://doi.org/10.3390/app132111936
Ibáñez, S. J., Piñar, M. I., García, D., & Mancha-Triguero, D. (2023). Physical Fitness as a Predictor of Performance during Competition in Professional Women's Basketball Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20020988
Ibáñez, S. J., Vaquera, A., Mancha-Triguero, D., & Escudero-Tena, A. (2024). Variability in the Load of Professional Basketball Referees during Competition. Applied Sciences, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14031177
Indu, P. V., & Vidhukumar, K. (2020). Research designs-an overview. Kerala Journal of Psychiatry, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.30834/kjp.32.1.2019.179
Jaspers, A., Brink, M. S., Probst, S. G., Frencken, W. G., & Helsen, W. F. (2017). Relationships Between Training Load Indicators and Training Outcomes in Professional Soccer. Sports Medicine, 47(3), 533-544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0591-0
Jiménez, J., & Hernández-Mendo, A. (2016). Análisis de la calidad del dato y generalizabilidad de un sistema de observación del contraataque en el balonmano de élite. E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science, 12(1), 31-44.
Kaloudis, T., Georgiadis, K., Travlos, A. K., & Theodorakis, Y. (2025). Fostering Reflective Thinking in Physical Education Teachers: An Action Research Study Promoting Paralympic Values and Inclusive Practices. Education Sciences, 15(7), Article 823. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15070823
Kaye, J. A., Spence, D., & Alexanders, J. (2022). Using a biopsychosocial approach within acl rehabilitation: an exploration of student physiotherapists` perceptions and experiences. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 38(11), 1718-1730. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2021.1882019
Kazdin, A. E. (2019). Single-case experimental designs. Evaluating interventions in research and clinical practice. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 117, 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.11.015
Keppel, G. (1991). Design and analysis: A researcher's handbook. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Kerlinger, F. N. (1966). Foundations of behavioral research. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Krueger, M. (2018). German Sport History as Reflected in 'Sporting Art'. International Journal of the History of Sport, 35(17-18), 1748-1776. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2019.1586671
Kusdinar, Y., Abdullah, A. G., Ma'Mun, A., & Rusdiana, A. (2021). Revisiting sports talent identification: a meta analysis. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 16(2), 1272-1286.
Lavega-Burgues, P., Luchoro-Parrilla, R. A., Serna, J., Salas-Santandreu, C., Aires-Araujo, P., Rodriguez-Arregi, R., Munoz-Arroyave, V., Ensenyat, A., Damian-Silva, S., Machado, L., Prat, Q., Saez de Ocariz, U., Rillo-Albert, A., Martin-Martinez, D., & Pic, M. (2020). Enhancing Multimodal Learning Through Traditional Sporting Games: Marro360 degrees. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1384. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01384
Linner, L., Stambulova, N., & Henriksen, K. (2022). Facilitating Student-Athletes' Dual Career Transition: A Scandinavian University Case Study [Article]. Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology, 11(2), 107-123. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000275
Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. SAGE publications, Inc.
Liska, T. M., Flaro, H., Stever, M., Caron, J. G., Duncan, L. R., & Sweet, S. N. (2025). Exploring Physical Activity Maintenance Among Adults With Spinal Cord Injury: A Multiple Case Study. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2025-0087
López-Sierra, P., Gómez-Ruano, M. A., Feu, S., & Ibáñez, S. J. (2025). A comprehensive analysis of internal and external load monitoring systems in basketball. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 41851. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-25768-w
Maciel, L. F. P., Beirith, M. K., Ibáñez, S. J., & Folle, A. (2025). Involvement in physical and sports activities: what characteristics lead athletes to be selected for basketball teams in Brazil? E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science, 21(3, special issue), 435-446. https://doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.21.435
Malone, J. J., Lovell, R., Varley, M. C., & Coutts, A. J. (2017). Unpacking the Black Box: Applications and Considerations for Using GPS Devices in Sport. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12, 18-26. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0236
Malone, S., Owen, A., Newton, M., Mendes, B., Collins, K. D., & Gabbett, T. J. (2017). The acute:chonic workload ratio in relation to injury risk in professional soccer. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(6), 561-565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.10.014
Mancha-Triguero, D., García-Rubio, J., & Ibáñez, S. J. (2019). SBAFIT: a field-based test battery to assess physical fitness in basketball players. E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science, 15(2), 107-126.
Mansfield, M., Jong, S. T., & Smith, T. (2025). "You do it to cover your own back": The assessment of cervical spine radiculopathy among physiotherapists in the United Kingdom: A mixed methods research study. Plos One, 20(7), Article e0325922. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0325922
Manterola, C., & Otzen, T. (2014). Estudios observacionales: los diseños utilizados con mayor frecuencia en investigación clínica. International Journal of Morphology, 32(2), 634-645.
Martín-Miguel, I., Sánchez-Alcaraz, B. J., Escudero-Tena, A., Conde-Ripoll, R., & Muñoz, D. (2025). Diferencias en la finalización del punto de oro en pádel profesional masculino y femenino. E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science, 21(1), 27-36. https://doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.21.27
Marzano-Felisatti, J. M., Pino-Ortega, J., Garcia-de-Alcaraz, A., Portillo, J., Guzman-Lujan, J. F., & Priego-Quesada, J. I. (2025). Validation of the WIMU PROTM Device for Jump Detection in Beach Volleyball: A Gender-Based Analysis during Official Competitions [Article]. Journal of human kinetics, 98, 183-193. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/196549
Mbuagbaw, L., Lawson, D. O., Puljak, L., Allison, D. B., & Thabane, L. (2020). A tutorial on methodological studies: the what, when, how and why. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 20(1), 226. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-020-01107-7
McGannon, K. R., & Smith, B. (2020). Expanding socio-cultural identity research in sport psycho-logy: The potential of athlete autobiographies. Quaderns de Psicologia, 22(3). https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1556
McKay, C. (2022). Embodiment, identity and disability sport: an ethnography of elite visually impaired athletes. Sport Education and Society, 27(2), 224-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2021.2010851
McLaren, S. J., Graham, M., Spears, I. R., & Weston, M. (2016). The Sensitivity of Differential Ratings of Perceived Exertion as Measures of Internal Load. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 11(3), 404-406. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0223
Merino-Orozco, A., Berbegal-Vazquez, A., Arraiz-Perez, A., & Sabiron-Sierra, F. (2020). Sports monoculture and vehicular jargon in the educational value of school football in Spain. Culture Education, 32(3), 583-608. https://doi.org/10.1080/11356405.2020.1785157
Montero, I., & León, O. G. (2007). A guide for naming research studies in Psychology. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 7(3), 847-862.
Morgans, R., Oliveira, R., Mandorino, M., Zmijewski, P., Ryan, B., Modric, T., Teixeira, J., & Moreira, A. (2026). The loading impact of training and match-play on non-contact muscle injuries in elite male soccer players. A seasonal analysis. Biology of Sport. https://doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2026.153305
Morillo-Baro, J. P., Rivera-Gálvez, A., Quiñones-Rodríguez, Y., Caballero-Cerbán, M., Hernández-Mendo, A., & Reigal, R. E. (2025). Análisis de las conductas de los lanzamientos triples en Baloncesto 3x3. E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science, 21(3), 471-484. https://doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.21.471
Morrissey, M. B., & Hansen, T. (2014). In search of the best methods for multivariate selection analysis. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5(10), 1095-1109. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.12259
Mozolev, O., & Polishchuk, O. (2024). The essence and content of scientific research methodology. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 63, 279-288. https://doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2024.63.020
Mulvenna, M., Adie, J. W., Sage, L. D., Wilson, N. E., & Howat, D. (2020). Approach-achievement goals and motivational context on psycho-physiological functioning and performance among novice basketball players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101714
Munce, S., Guetterman, T., & Jaglal, S. (2020). Using the Exploratory Sequential Design for Complex Intervention Development: Example of the Development of a Self-Management Program for Spinal Cord Injury. Journal of Mixed Methods Research(15), 37-60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689820901936
Nelson, L., Groom, R., & Potrac, P. (2014). Research methods in sports coaching. Routledge
Nieto-Acevedo, R., Garcia-Sanchez, C., Bravo-Sanchez, A., Abian-Vicen, J., Abian, P., Portillo, J., Martinez-Rubio, C., Lorenzo Calvo, J., & Diaz-Lara, J. (2025). Impact of Caffeine Intake on Female Basketball Players' Performance. Nutrients, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020235
O’Donoghue, P. (2010). Research methods for sports performance analysis. Routledge.
Othman, S., Steen, M., & Fleet, J.-A. (2020). A sequential explanatory mixed methods study design: An example of how to integrate data in a midwifery research project. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v11n2p75
Otte, F. W., Millar, S. K., & Klatt, S. (2021). What do you hear? The effect of stadium noise on football players' passing performances. European Journal of Sport Science, 21(7), 1035-1044. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1809714
Papathomas, A., & Lavallee, D. (2014). Self-starvation and the performance narrative in competitive sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(6), 688-695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.014
Park, J.-W., & Lim, S. (2015). A chronological review of the development of elite sport policy in South Korea. Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science, 4(3), 198-210.
Peart, D. J., Balsalobre-Fernández, C., & Shaw, M. P. (2019). Use of mobile applications to collect data in sport, health, and exercise science: A narrative review. The journal of strength & conditioning research, 33(4), 1167-1177.
Pereira, Z. (2011). Los diseños de método mixto en la investigación en educación: Una experiencia concreta. Revista Electrónica Educare, 15(1), 15-29. https://doi.org/10.15359/ree.15-1.2
Polit, D., & Hungler, B. (2000). Investigación científica en ciencias de la salud (6 ed.). Editorial McGraw-Hill Interamericana.
Poucher, Z. A., Tamminen, K. A., Caron, J. G., & Sweet, S. N. (2019). Thinking through and designing qualitative research studies: a focused mapping review of 30 years of qualitative research in sport psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 163-186. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984x.2019.1656276
Pozo-Ayerbe, C., Escudero-Tena, A., Ibáñez, S. J., & Mancha Triguero, D. (2024). Analysis of the different winning strokes in professional padel: male vs. Female. E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science, 20(3), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.20.271
Prato, L., Ramis, Y., & Torregrossa, M. (2020). Cultural Transition and Sport Migration in Elite Sport: a Meta-synthesis. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 15(45), 387-400.
Pugliese, E., Forte, P., Matrisciano, C., Carlevaro, F., D'Anna, C., & Magistro, D. (2025). The Influence of Nonlinear Pedagogy Physical Education Intervention on Cognitive Abilities in Primary School Children: A Preliminary Study. Brain Sciences, 15(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15121283
Ranganathan, P., & Aggarwal, R. (2018). Study designs: Part 1 - An overview and classification. Perspectives in Clinical Research, 9(4), 184-186. https://doi.org/10.4103/picr.PICR_124_18
Retamal-Munoz, C., Lirrutia-Gutierrez, S., Luis-de-Cos, I., Luis-de-Cos, G., & Arribas-Galarraga, S. (2024). Emotional physical education: impact of a program on the subjective well-being of university students. Retos-Nuevas Tendencias En Educacion Fisica Deporte Y Recreacion(61), 685-694.
Rezigalla, A. A. (2020). Observational Study Designs: Synopsis for Selecting an Appropriate Study Design. Cureus, 12(1), e6692. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.6692
Rico-González, M., Arcos, A. L., Rojas-Valverde, D., Clemente, F. M., & Pino-Ortega, J. (2020). A Survey to Assess the Quality of the Data Obtained by Radio-Frequency Technologies and Microelectromechanical Systems to Measure External Workload and Collective Behavior Variables in Team Sports. Sensors, 20(8), Article 2271. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20082271
Rogers, J., & Revész, A. (2019). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs. In J. Rogers & A. Révész (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of research methods in applied linguistics (pp. 133-143). Routledge.
Rojas-Valverde, D., Pino-Ortega, J., Gómez-Carmona, C. D., & Rico-González, M. (2020). A Systematic Review of Methods and Criteria Standard Proposal for the Use of Principal Component Analysis in Team’s Sports Science. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238712
Romann, M., Javet, M., Hernandez, J., Heyer, L., Trosch, S., Cobley, S., & Born, D. P. (2024). Longitudinal performance trajectories of young female sprint runners: a new tool to predict performance progression. Frontiers in sports and active living, 6, 1491064. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1491064
Romeu, J., Camerino, O., & Castaner, M. (2023). Optimising Motor Coordination in Physical Education, an Observational Study [Article]. Apunts Educación Física y Deportes(153), 67-78. https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2023/3).153.06
Rostami, M., Sedaghati, P., & Daneshmandi, H. (2025). Effects of a warm-up program on jump-landing pattern and lumbopelvic function in female basketball players with dynamic knee valgus. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 27918. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-13817-3
Ruiz, J. M., Castillo, L. A., & Castillo, A. N. (2026). Validación de un método de enseñanza para iniciación del voley. Acciónmotriz, 37(1), 22-46.
Salinero, J. G. (2004). Estudios descriptivos. NURE investigación: Revista Científica de enfermería, 7(9).
Sánchez-Algarra, P., & Anguera, M. T. (2012). Qualitative/quantitative integration in the inductive observational study of interactive behaviour: impact of recording and coding among predominating perspectives. Quality & Quantity, 47(2), 1237-1257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-012-9764-6
Sánchez-Jiménez, M., Marave-Vivas, M., Gil-Gomez, J., & Salvador-Garcia, C. (2025). Building pre-service teachers' resilience through Service-Learning: an explanatory sequential mixed methods study [Article]. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, Article 1568476. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1568476
Sandbakk, O., Tonnessen, E., Sandbakk, S. B., Losnegard, T., Seiler, S., & Haugen, T. (2025). Best-Practice Training Characteristics Within Olympic Endurance Sports as Described by Norwegian World-Class Coaches [Article]. Sports Medicine-Open, 11(1), Article 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00848-3
Sarmento, H., Martinho, D. V., Gouveia, E. R., Afonso, J., Chmura, P., Field, A., Savedra, N. O., Oliveira, R., Praca, G., Silva, R., Barrera-Diaz, J., & Clemente, F. M. (2024). The Influence of Playing Position on Physical, Physiological, and Technical Demands in Adult Male Soccer Matches: A Systematic Scoping Review with Evidence Gap Map. Sports Medicine, 54(11), 2841-2864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-024-02088-z
Schoonenboom, J., & Johnson, R. B. (2017). How to Construct a Mixed Methods Research Design. KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 69(Suppl 2), 107-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-017-0454-1
Schupbach, Y. (2024). Negotiating the Space between East and West: Sport and Gender Politics in Swiss Women's Artistic Gymnastics in the Cold War Era [Article]. International Journal of the History of Sport, 41(8), 760-778. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2024.2384549
Scrabis-Fletcher, K., & Silverman, S. (2010). Perception of Competence in Middle School Physical Education: Instrument Development and Validation [Article]. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 81(1), 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2010.10599627
Sebastia-Amat, S., Pueo, B., Villalon-Gasch, L., & Jimenez-Olmedo, J. M. (2020). Anthropometric profile and conditional factors of U21 Spanish elite beach volleyball players according to playing position. Retos, 38, 620-625.
Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Houghton Mifflin Company.
Shang, X., Zuo, W., Arede, J., & Leite, N. (2025). Using a smart app method Maturo for precisely estimating maturation status for young basketball athletes. E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science, 21(3, special issue), 401-410. https://doi.org/10.17398/1885-7019.21.401
Sharma, L. R., Bidari, S., Bidari, D., Neupane, S., & Sapkota, R. (2023). Exploring the Mixed Methods Research Design: Types, Purposes, Strengths, Challenges, and Criticisms. Global Academic Journal of Linguistics and Literature, 5(1), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.36348/gajll.2023.v05i01.002
Sharma, L. R., Jha, S., Koirala, R., Aryal, U., & Bhattarai, T. (2023). Navigating the Research Landscape: A Guide to the Selection of the Right Research Design. International Research Journal of MMC, 4(1), 64-78. https://doi.org/10.3126/irjmmc.v4i1.51863
Smith, B., & Sparkes, A. C. (2016). Routledge handbook of qualitative research in sport and exercise. Routledge.
Smith, M. C. H., & Bazis, P. S. (2021). Conducting Mixed Methods Research Systematic Methodological Reviews: A Review of Practice and Recommendations [Review]. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 15(4), 546-566, Article 1558689820967626. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689820967626
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333-339. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Souza, L. C. d. R., Ribeiro Júnior, D. B., Ibáñez, S. J., Pereira, M. N. R., da Silva, G. T., Werneck, F. Z., & Bara Filho, M. G. (2025). Pedagogical Progression in Youth Basketball: Impacts on Training Load, Development and Health Outcomes. Sports, 13(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13080265
Standage, M., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2005). A test of self‐determination theory in school physical education. British journal of educational psychology, 75(3), 411-433.
Streetman, A. E., & Heinrich, K. M. (2024). Female empowerment through sport: an exploratory narrative review. Sport in Society, 27(5), 804-819. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2023.2270443
Sullivan, S. (2019). Single, separate or unified? Exploring Christian academicians' views of the body, sport and religious experience. Sport in Society, 22(2), 311-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2017.1360584
Teixeira, J., Mesquita, I., & Farias, C. (2025). Scaffolding Preservice Teachers' Use of Models-Based Practice in Physical Education: A Participatory Action Research. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.2025-0125
Telama, R., Yang, X., Viikari, J., Valimaki, I., Wanne, O., & Raitakari, O. (2005). Physical activity from childhood to adulthood: a 21-year tracking study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(3), 267-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.12.003
Thomas, J. R., Silverman, S., & Nelson, J. (2015). Research methods in physical activity (7 ed.). Human Kinetics.
Tobi, H., & Kampen, J. K. (2018). Research design: the methodology for interdisciplinary research framework. Quality and Quantity 52(3), 1209-1225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0513-8
Torrebadella-Flix, X. (2020). La historia del rugby en España. 1ª parte. De los inicios del juego hasta 1923. E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science, 16(3), 179-202.
Torrebadella-Flix, X. (2024). La historia del rugby en España, IIª parte. De 1924 hasta la II República. E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science, 20(1), 81-102.
Trejo-Silva, A., Bonjour, C., Dol, G., & González-Ramírez, A. (2022). Análisis de los lanzamientos en balonmano playa durante el Mundial Femenino Kazán 2018. E-balonmano com Journal Sports Science, 18(1), 13-24.
Turner, M. J., Frost, N., Outar, L., O'Connor, H., Toth, R., Toth, L., Chadha, N., & Wood, A. G. (2025). Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy for exercise: examining self-determined motivation, alongside readiness, confidence, and motivation to exercise. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1557885. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1557885
Ulset, V. S., Oppici, L., Hamre, K., Rudd, J. R., Stornaes, A. V., Haraldsen, H. M., & Safvenbom, R. (2025). Inclusion in Motion: Promoting Equitable Physical Activity and Health in Childhood and Adolescence. Children (Basel), 12(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/children12070942
Varghese, K., Ranwah, B., Varghese, N., & Varghese, N. (2025). Research methodology and quantitative techniques: A guide for interdisciplinary research. Routledge.
Wang, Z. L., Casey, A., & Cope, E. (2025). Coach experiences of formal coach education developed by national governing bodies: a systematic review. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 30(3), 351-363. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2023.2230235
Willig, C., & Rogers, W. S. (2017). The SAGE handbook of qualitative research in psychology. Sage.
Woodard, C., Engler, A., & Tarascavage, J. (2025). An Exploratory, Retrospective Study on Injury Occurrence in Triathletes and Marathon Runners. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 20(10), 1502-1507. https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.144831
Yalcin, I., Genc, H., Bayram, A., Sezer, B. S., Isik, O., Gumus, H., & Novak, D. (2025). The effect of an 8-week mental training program on ITN test performances of tennis players. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 18(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01463-1
Zach, S., Avugos, S., Bakalo-Kuffler, L., & Bar-Eli, M. (2022). Winning the second half: The perceived and actual impact of the coach's half-time speech on basketball players' performance [Article]. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 17(5), 953-963, Article 17479541221089743. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541221089743
Zhong, H., Wang, D., & Qi, C. H. (2025). School-family cognitive discrepancies in the cultivation of children's interest in sports: an exploratory study based on grounded theory. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, Article 1713106. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1713106
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 E-balonmano com, Journal of Sports Science
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
